Karl Marx s Philosophy And Literature - 950 Words

On May 5th, 1818 Karl Marx was born in the western German city of Trier, in what was then a part of the Kingdom of Prussia. One of nine children born to Heinrich Marx and Henrietta Pressburg, Marx ancestrally descended from a line of Jewish families both maternally and paternally. However, amidst the Christian control that Prussia maintained, Marx’s father, in order to achieve further educational and economical means for his family and himself, converted to Lutheranism. In doing so, Heinrich Marx was legally able to practice law, which he was already qualified to practice, but was prohibited from doing so because of his Jewish identity. At his father’s bidding, Karl Marx was educated at home until the age of twelve at which point he†¦show more content†¦While Marx’s roots came from late german idealist Georg Hegel, Marx sought to depart from the idealism of the past and provide more concrete solutions, theories that could be tested, to what he considered the base of societal conflict, as opposed to abstract ideas. While Marx wrote many works in his lifetime, the latter days of his life he shifted primarily toward political economics. It was his work in political economics that produced what he is most well known for today. In 1948, Marx met Friedrich Engels in Cafà © de la Rà ©gence in Paris. Here, Engels introduced Marx to his own theory that working class uprising would be the cause of the final human revolution. Together Marx and Engels embellished on the theory of working class struggle. A trip to England to visit the Chartist, an emerging socialist movement, gave Marx the opportunity to observe the inner workings of English economics, which helped him to further expand on his already high criticism of capitalism. Accordingly, Marx postulated that in capitalism people are divided between the bourgeoisies, those who controlled the means of production, and the proletariat, those who sought the laborers driven by wage. He surmis ed that the conflict between the proletariat, who wish to have as high of a wage as possible, and the bourgeoisie, who wish to keep wages low for their own benefit, would be the catalystShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx : The Oldest Surviving Boy Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx is a sociologist, economist, historian, journalist, revolutionary, and philosopher of German decent. Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Prussia; he was the oldest surviving boy in a family of nine children. Both of his parents were Jewish, and descended from a long line of rabbis. Marx was also raised in a home that originally was Jewish until his Father, Heinrich Marx, converted to Protestantism. He was home-schooled until 1830 when he enrolled at the Jesuit high school in Trier.. InRead MoreModernism Vs. Modernist Modernism1335 Words   |  6 Pagesensure that I was in the correct place. After spending hours of my morning in back-to-back philosophy courses, medieval and 20th-century, I was convinced t hat I had somehow walked into another philosophy class rather than English. However, as it turns out, I was in the right place. It also turns out that I did know very much about modernism or literary modernism. I soon discovered that modernist literature is greatly rooted in the philosophical movement of modernism that took place in the late nineteenthRead MoreThe Field Of Statistics : Karl Pearson1148 Words   |  5 Pageson the planet. Karl Pearson, the admirable mathematician, is known by multiple people as the father of modern statistics, a eugenist, publisher of books in the mathematic, science and philosophy field. Karl Pearson s contributions to the mathematical and science fields are what made him as famous as he is today. Karl Pearson was born March 27, 1857 in London, his parents Fanny and William Pearson originally named him Carl, but at the age of twenty three he changed his name to Karl, due to an interestRead MoreThe Great Philosophies From The 19th Century1386 Words   |  6 PagesLetts Mr. Mykytyn HZT 4U1 - 02 17 Friday 2016 One of the greatest philosophies from the 19th century was Karl Marx. The German native born May 5 1818 was known for his works as not only a philosopher but an economist, journalist revolutionary socialist and sociologist. Marx’s different varieties of work influenced his understanding of society and and the economy during his time period. Once Marx got older, he moved to London England where he progressed his ideas and even collaborateRead MoreSociological Reflection1258 Words   |  6 Pagestopics that I learned in this course that was very important to me. Those topics were: crime, deviance, bureaucracy, nature of science, philosophy, religion, common sense, scientific statements, sociological ideas, and core american values. 1.During the beginning of this semester we discussed the key characteristics of science how science was different from philosophy, how is science different from religion, make five scientific statements that are verifiable and falsifiable, make five statementsRead MoreModernism Vs. Modernist Modernism1185 Words   |  5 Pagesensure that I was in the correct place. After spending hours of my morning in back-to-back philosophy courses, medieval and 20th-century, I was convinced that I had somehow walked into another philosophy class rather than English. However, as it turns out, I was in the right place. It also turns out that I did know very much about modernism or literary modernism. I soon discovered that modernist literature is greatly rooted in the philosophical movement of modernism that took place in the late nineteenthRead MoreThe School Of Marxist Criticism1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Strange American Approach In this particular assignment I want to focus in the school of Marxist criticism. And the reason why is because I find it very interesting to learn every concept of its background and the ways it is used in many literature works. Which this specific lens implies that those point of views are not the way to go. In other words it targets that there should not be an upper nor lower class or division of society rather there should only be one with equal opportunities, equalRead MoreJean Paul : The Philosopher Of The Twentieth Century1387 Words   |  6 Pagesplaywright, political activist and biographer. Jean-Paul attended the École Normale Supà ©rieure from 1924-1929 and became the professor of philosophy in 1931 at Le Havre. He is a well known figure in the philosophy of Essentialism and Phenomenology, along with being one of leaders in French Philosophy and Marxism. In the year 1964 Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature but declined the offer as he believed that â⠂¬Å"A writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution† (†Announcement.†)Read MoreKeynesian Economics : The New Deal2733 Words   |  11 Pages Not until the 1700’s did the science of economics really start taking form. For the first time intellectuals started analyzing the effects of investment, production, consumption and distribution. There have been countless individuals contributing to the science of economics but this paper will focus on three of the most influential: Adam Smith, Karl Marx and John Keynes. Adam Smith, born in 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland was an economist who also studied political philosophy and ethics. SometimesRead MoreDialectical Journal Michael Chang The Communist Manifesto 1422 Words   |  6 Pages Dialectical Journal Michael Chang The Communist Manifesto by. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels Text Date Response The Manifesto begins with Marx quoting, the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Marx describes these classes as two entities; The bourgeoisie as the rich capitalists, and the proletariats, who were the working class. In societies of past, the oppressor and oppressed are in constant opposition to each other. This fight can be obvious or sublime

Essay on Mass Media - 2735 Words

Mass Media is a major part of the everyday lives of American citizens. Mass media provides the public the means for obtaining information, and knowledge about various aspects of life such as the economy, foreign affairs, weather, entertainment, crimes, and last but not least, politics. †The media are key institutions in our society. They affect our culture, our buying habits, and our politics. They are affected in turn by changes in our beliefs, tastes, interests and behavior†(Biagi, 11). The media covers countless accounts of policies, politicians, debates, and speeches all relating to the presidency. The role of mass media has become a crucial component of the presidency, mass media is a tool for the president to promote his policies,†¦show more content†¦The fourth estate unofficially is called known as the fourth branch because it closely monitors the other branches. Fourth estate is one of the functions of mass media, its purpose described by Stuart Allan in Journalismâ€Å"...as a critical check on the use and abuse of power† (Curran and Seaton, 2003). Many presidents if not all have recognized mass media as the fourth estate, and have either used it to their advantage or have become disadvantaged by it. The fourth estate is responsible for shaping the public opinion of the American people with the information disclosed by mass media outlets. Former President Wilson was adamant on establishing an increase in presidential authority through the public support, which he did through the adaptation of mass media as a tool. â€Å"Building popular support is critical†¦mass media can be potent allies or obstructive, constitutionally protected but unelected enemies† (Morgan, 503). He understood that controlling the relationship between mass media and public opinion was necessary for an effective presidency. President Wilson set the precedent of the president connecting with the people through mass media, â€Å"†¦made it inevitable that any future president would be powerful only in so far as he established communication with the people and spoke effectively for them†(Milkis and Nelson, 246). His goal was to increase the value of public opinion to produce a greatShow MoreRelatedMedia In Mass Media1555 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In more recent years, the mass media has begun to play a huge part in how the general public’s view on the world and how they receive their news. When mass media was first introduced, it shared news alongside the main conveyer – print, but with the growth of social media and the web, news has taken a technological turn. When it comes to sharing any form of news, it has become more common for people to check the internet using their phones. Mass media platforms like radio, television andRead MoreMass Media2588 Words   |  11 PagesGimnazija â€Å"Filip Visnjic† Bijeljina Maturski rad iz engleskog jezika Vocabulary: Mass media Mentor: Kandidat: Prof. Ljiljana Dragic Milos Kuvelja IV1 Bijeljina, maj 2013. Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Mass media I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.4 Mass media II†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Mass media III†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Collocations and Phrases†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..18 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMass Media And Social Media1795 Words   |  8 PagesEvolution of Media in Presidential Campaigns The effects of mass media and social media have changed the way people have experienced presidential campaigns in many ways. With the development of new technologies through the last hundred years many different ways of experiencing the campaigns have taken place. Newspapers, radio, television, internet and social media websites have changed the ways we all have experienced elections. Between 1960 and today, there have been many milestones in mass media and theRead MoreMass Media Communication1719 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition Mass media is a media intended for a large audience. It may take the form of broadcast media, as in the case of television and radio, or print media, like newspapers and magazines. Internet media can also attain mass media status, and many media outlets maintain a web presence to take advantage of the ready availability of Internet in many regions of the world. Some people also refer to it as the â€Å"mainstream media,† referencing the fact that it tends to stick to prominent stories whichRead MoreWhat is Mass Media?917 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Mass Media? Mass media refers to the many ways that information reaches a large group of people. Sociologists study mass media to see its affects on socialization, social movement, and social power (Chegg, â€Å"Definition of Mass Media†). Examples of mass media: Television Radio Movies Newspaper Internet Importance of Mass Media in Society Mass media is important in society because it reflects the lives, roles, and interests of the people. The media creates the culture and these messages promoteRead MoreMass Media Concepts1359 Words   |  6 PagesMASS MEDIA AND SOCIETY (2) The concept of ‘mass’ The ideas of ‘mass society’ date from the 1940s but before that time, since the19th century, there have been different ideas of what ‘mass’ means. One use of the term ‘mass’ was negative to refer to the mass of people or the ‘common people’ – who were seen as uneducated, ignorant, unruly or violent. ‘Mass’ could also be used in a positive sense as in ‘mass movement’ – such as trade unionism, socialism, or working class solidarity againstRead MoreMass Media Milestone1700 Words   |  7 PagesMilestone in the history of mass media The first variation of a newspaper was published in Rome in 59 BC. It was a daily sheet that Julius Caesar ordered to be distributed all over the city. However, the first newspaper was printed in Beijing in 746 (Flanagin, 452). Also, a forty-two-page bible was published two years later after a German poet used a printing press to post a poem. This was a significant period that marked the beginning of mass media production. Mass media refers to a communicationRead MoreThe World of Mass Media1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe world of Mass Media is a complicated place as told by former TV and Radio reporter, Al Meyers. â€Å"You never know what you’re going to be doing, but then there’s the ability to be able to do it and to share that with the people who are listening.† Meyers, who is retired, gave me the pleasure of sitting down and talking to me about the world of Mass Media Communication, then and now. Most of what we hear about in the world today comes to us as it is broadcasted through the television news networkingRead MoreThe Media And Mass Communication Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The term media is often represented within popular culture in varying degrees. To a great extent, there seems to be a tendency to interchange media and mass communication. In this regard, it is imperative and perhaps prudent to define media holistically before proceeding further. For purposes of coherence, the definition of media will be categorized into two spheres; traditional media and new media. According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation (2009), traditional media can be defined asRead More Mass Media Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesMass Media Have you ever had an original thought? Why do we dress the way we do, watch what we watch or even live the way we do. Through our means of entertainment, it is almost a guide in how one should live their life. With the technology we have in our world we are persuaded to believe what is right and what is wrong. Although we create our own world, our thoughts were imposed upon us since the day we are born. â€Å"What if the world is some kind of show. What if we are only talents assembled

Logical Culture Essay Research Paper Do culture free essay sample

Logical Culture Essay, Research Paper Do civilization and single beliefs affect logical thought? If so, how do they act upon the decisions we reach? The first inquiry that must be asked before replying this inquiry is: What precisely is logical believing? Logical thought is the procedure in which one uses concluding systematically to come to a decision. If this definition is purely followed, logical thought can non be affected by any outside influences every bit long as the premises are genuinely valid. For illustration the syllogism: All mammals are warm blooded. Giants are mammals. Giants are warm blooded. is genuinely logical because the major premiss is true. In a more # 8216 ; general universe # 8217 ; nevertheless, we refer to logical thought as merely infering a sensible account or decision from what is already and personally known. What is personally known is frequently unsound because of stereotypes, cultural tabu, and/or biass. Because of this, the premises used in concluding are non ever genuinely valid but are accepted as valid. This is what influences the decisions that are reached ; the premises which have been # 8216 ; jaded # 8217 ; by civilization and single beliefs. There are many facets to civilization and all of them affect what is personally known and the manner one makes determinations. These are chiefly linguistic communication, background ( history ) , race, faith, single beliefs, and even geographics. Individual beliefs are an facet of civilization which are defined as being sentiments and strong beliefs. These are usually based on the other facets of civilization mentioned. For illustration a individual who is a Unitarian would most probably have different beliefs about the functions of adult females in society than person who is Evangelical. In this illustration, the single belief refering adult females was based on the codification developed by the peculiar faith. Although faith is a really strong force in our society today, beliefs are besides cultivated trough household, instruction, equals, and in many instances can be developed depending on the country and clip period that a individual lives in. ( For illustration, my gramps was gr eatly affected by the Great Depression and hence believes strongly in working difficult and salvaging money. ) It is really frequently that these single beliefs and civilization affect a individual # 8217 ; s concluding. In logical thinking, the decision is the statement one is seeking to turn out ; the premises are those statements which provide grounds for the decision. Arguments are traditionally broken into two types ; inductive and deductive. It is merely the deductive statement which provides conclusive grounds since it deduces from the general to the peculiar. For illustration: All mammals nurse their immature. All giants are mammals. Giants nurse their immature. This syllogism is deductive because the premises provide grounds for the truth of its decision. Inductive, on the other manus, argues from the peculiar to the general and the grounds is non sufficient to vouch the decision except by opportunity. For illustration: All mammals nurse their immature. Giants nurse their immature. Giants are mammals. In this illustration the premises do non supply sufficient grounds for the decision because it does non state if other types of animate beings nurse their immature. Once a decision has been reached through deductive concluding it so has to be determined if it is valid or invalid. This is where the civilization and single beliefs can impact the decisions which are reached. Often the statement is non true because the premiss used is an premise, biased, or unsound. For illustration: All Muslims are terrorists. He is Muslim. He is a terrorist. This illustration does follow deductive logical thinking, and is valid, but the major premiss is false. If the # 8216 ; arguer # 8217 ; truly believes that all Muslims are terrorists, they have used logical believing right but have come to a incorrect decision because of their # 8216 ; false cognition # 8217 ; or bias of Muslims. Most likely this occurs because the # 8216 ; arguer # 8217 ; is establishing his/her concluding on personal knowledge/opinions. Culture # 8217 ; s affect on logic normally occurs accidentally and goes unnoticed. Because of the nature of worlds and the different manner our civilizations have developed, these false beliefs which occur are stronger for some civilizations. Culture and single beliefs are capable of impacting the premiss and logical thinking in every # 8216 ; country # 8217 ; of thought. Because all civilizations are different, some are more likely to perpetrate certain false beliefs than others. A individual # 8217 ; s civilization is based on many things as mentioned earlier ; linguistic communication, history, geographics, faith, and race. All of these things play a different portion in civilizations, and affect logical thinking in a assortment of ways and countries. For illustration, I know a adult female who taught math in a small town in Sierra Leone ( Africa ) . She had a really hard clip learning geometry with three dimensional right angles because everyone lived in unit of ammunition houses. It was hard for them to visualize the form because they were non faced with it often. This thought in math would non hold been affected as greatly by another civilization because of the environment and civilization which developed homes with three dimensional right angles. The chief facet of civilization which affects logical thought, I believe, is history. A individual # 8217 ; s or people # 8217 ; s history is responsible for many traditions, sentiments, and facets of a certain civilization. History is frequently the cause of stereotypes, bias, and cultural tabu ; which are all illustrations of things which affect people and take them to get at unsound decisions. For illustration in Hungary it is # 8216 ; incorrect # 8217 ; to tinkle beer mugs before imbibing. This is because of past dealingss with Austria. Austrians would touch mugs and toast to being # 8220 ; companions # 8221 ; before imbibing beer. Because of the former state of affairs of Hungary being occupied by the Russians, they associated tinkling mugs to the Communist government. The existent act of touching spectacless is non incorrect physically but it has become associated with an # 8216 ; unpleasant # 8217 ; period of Hungary # 8217 ; s history and as a consequence has become a cultural tabu. Language is another facet of civilization which is capable of impacting concluding. For illustration, in some states it is possible to presume where a individual is from or their societal position by the idiom or speech pattern they speak with. This could be really unsafe when utilizing these premises in logic. If one assumes that a individual is from a lower societal category because of their speech pattern, this decision could be unsound if the premise turns out to be false. This is how prejudice and stereotypes occur ; when a judgement is made which is non ever true. Bias in today # 8217 ; s society has come to intend: a feeling, favourable or unfavourable, towards a individual or thing, that accompanies an unsupported judgement. A outstanding theory to the beginning of bias is history. Marx particularly believed that bias was at its highest in the 19th century when European imperial enlargement called for account. Because of this, many began mentioning to colonial people as # 8220 ; inferior # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; necessitating protection # 8221 ; , a lower signifier of development # 8221 ; , a load etc. It was this procedure of development that the theory of race and a definite differentiation between civilizations was recognized. Although there are other factors ensuing in stereotypes and bias such as the societal context in which they originated in, history still plays a big portion. ( For illustration, Anti-Negro bias in America is historically based ; holding its roots in bondage and the failure of retracing the South after the Civil War . If this besides has psychological causes, these are still affected by the impact of historical circumstance. ) It is when these stereotypes and/or biass are used in concluding that the decision could be unsound. For illustration it is a stereotype that all white Americans life in the South are racialist. This stereotype could take one to ground that # 8216 ; Joe # 8217 ; is from Texas and hence he is racist against African Americans. Although this follows the deductive signifier of logic, and is valid, the premiss is a stereotype and unsound and hence the decision is besides false. Logic in the strictest sense is non affected by civilization and single beliefs. In the # 8220 ; existent universe # 8221 ; nevertheless, everyone is non the same and everyone is non capable of cognizing everything. Because of this, a individual # 8217 ; s civilization and single beliefs affect concluding. This is because they believe the unsound premises which are used to do a decision. They could believe these things because of deep rooted stereotypes based on bias. Culture and single beliefs affect different countries of logic otherwise depending of the civilization. A individual from Alaska # 8217 ; s logical thinking in fishing will differ from a individual # 8217 ; s life in the Bahamas. Finally, different facets of civilization have a different # 8216 ; degree # 8217 ; of consequence on concluding depending on what influenced the civilization more strongly in development. For illustration, by and large in Europe history played a big portion in developing the bing civili zations ; while in Africa the geographics and spiritual rites are more influential. It is difficult to state if the consequence of civilization and single beliefs on logic is negative or positive. These effects on concluding are a major cause to the misinterpretations in the universe today. On the other manus, the universe would be a bland topographic point without the present diverse civilizations. It is merely when tolerance and credence become a portion of our single beliefs that it might be possible for civilization and beliefs to non negatively affect decisions reached.

Chapter2 Review of Related Literature and Studies Essay Example For Students

Chapter2: Review of Related Literature and Studies Essay Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the literature and related studies which have direct bearing on this study. It also discusses the values reflected in the proverbs and the proverb as a reflection of Filipino character, its function in the society, its nature and purpose, its stylistic peculiarity and its significance in Filipino culture. Folklore Prof. Damiana Eugenio (2002), a renowned Filipina folklorist, said that there is no universally accepted definition for the word â€Å"folklore†. But she gave a description that folklore is any form of knowledge that is handed down from generation to generation that portrays the way of life of ancestors of the chosen ethnic group can be considered part of folklore. She likewise emphasized that students should seek ways in studying folklore for preservation purposes. She continued that what students usually do are transcribe and interpret what is related to them by storytellers and it ends there. Further, she expressed that students have to explore different aspects in folklore, use new approaches and experiment new ways. Eugenio further emphasized that the study of folklore in the Philippines is diminishing. She attributed this to these following reasons: lack of interest in studying folklore and difficult work that goes along in studying folklore. Folk Literature Eugenio (2001) defined folk literature as the sum total of the traditional learning of the folk which is expressed in their literature, their customs and beliefs, their games and recreations, their music songs and dances, their arts and crafts, and other forms material culture. She added that Filipinos know very little of folk literature by stating: â€Å" even educated Filipinos know little about folk literature. This is not surprising according to her because â€Å"there is an incomplete state of collection and inaccessibility of existing manuscripts about Philippine folk literature. † (Eugenio, 2001) She continued tha folk literature is like a treasure house of information about a people’s outlook in life, the basic patterns of their attitudes, and also the feelings towards themselves, their family, their neighbors and towards the Supreme Being. For her, folk literature gives valuable insights into a people’s native ambitions, and aspirations. In other words, the identity of a people is manifested in their folk literature. Proverbs As regards to proverbs, Taylor (1950) as quoted by Eugenio (2001) said that â€Å"a proverb is a terse, didactic statement that is current in tradition, or as an epigram says, the wisdom of many and the wit of one. It ordinarily suggests a cause of action or passes judgment on a situation. For her part, Eugenio (2002) classified Philippine proverbs into six groups according to subject matter. These are: (1) Proverbs expressing a general attitude towards life and the laws that govern life; (2) Ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices; (3) Proverbs expressing a system of values; (4) Proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature; (5) Humorous Proverbs; and (6) Miscellaneous Proverbs. Moreover, she defined proverbs as short, generally known sentences of the folk which contain wisdom, truth, morals, and are traditionally viewed in a metaphorical, fixed and memorizable form and which are handed down from generation to generation (Eugenio, 2002), Filipino Proverbs In a related development, Lopez (2006), opined that regional studies on Philippine proverbs have been extensive because the genre is a favorite subject matter by both Filipinos and foreigners. Ironically, no one has provided a clear, working, definition of this genre. According to her the Filipinos concentrate on the hows and whys and the function of proverbs but not on what a proverb is. She also stated that, Jorge Bacobo who wrote the â€Å"Ethics in the Philippine Proverb† discussed the didactic role of the proverb in the Philippine society. Others studied the Philippine national traits reflected in proverbs such as Jose Batungbakal’s Selected Tagalog Proverbs and Maxims (1948), Solfronio Calderon’s Ang mga Kawikaan sa Larangan ng Pamumuhay (1947), Paul Rodriguez Versosa’s The Psychology of Tagalog Proverbs (1950) etc. This shows that many people are interested in proverbs. Recommendation For Recycling Water In Florida EssayHe continued that because of the increasing awareness of the Filipino identity and the clamor for social change, there is a need to identify and reaffirm those values derived from national tradition to help bring about a better Philippine society. Related Studies on Values Meanwhile, according to Sultan (2002) in her study, â€Å"The Filipino Values in Gregorio Brillantes’ Five Selected Stories,† values are the goals of man’s shining, that values render meaning to one’s existence and complete fulfillment to a man’s personality as an individual and as a member of the community. Ditucalan’s â€Å"A Study of Maranao Customs and Traditions as Reflected in the Folk Epic Radia Indarapatra† (2000) ventured into an analysis of Maranao values such as strong family ties, maratabat, strong sense of morality of Maranao women, service, love of place, filial piety and purity. He confirmed how traditional folk epic could intensify the Filipino’s sense of nationalism and how can this folk material be used in the teaching of values in the classroom for the benefit of children and youth. In his study, he concluded that the structure and social organization of the contemporary Maranao society is based on the social system established by the culture heroes in the folk narrative Radi a Indarapatra. Another related study is that of Munang’s â€Å"Attitudes and Values as Reflected in the Maranao Courtship Proverbs and Folktales† (2003). Her undergraduate thesis focused primarily on the attitudes and values found in the Maranao courtship proverbs and folktales. From the study, she found out the practice and the importance of maratabat ; the concern for family prestige of Kapanokatokawa or searching; collective responsibility and family or kinship ties, hospitality and friendliness, the importance of personal abilities such as straightforwardness, sincerity, modesty and humility, flexibility, value of a stable family, the acceptance of proposal and acceptance of proposal and acceptance of obligation; display of revenge and/ or act of rido, enmity, rivalry and competition, spiritual faith, the importance of marriage, reward and punishment, brotherhood, and alliance. The researcher ended her study with the conclusion that the Maranao courtship proverbs and folktales contribute much in the understanding of Maranao society and cultural traits and they help in the preservation of Maranao cultural heritage. Lastly, Ladjabangsa and Velez’s â€Å"Tausug Values as Reflected in Selected Tausug Proverbs† (2003) focused on the Tausug values found in Tausug proverbs. The Tausug values manifested in the proverbs are: hard work/industry, belief/ faith in God, friendship, kinship, honor/dignity, humility, and prudence. The study also used a survey to validate if these values are still observed by the Tausug at the present. The result showed that the respondents still practiced these values. This also clarified the common misconceptions about the Tausug people. Source: http://www. docstoc. com/docs/DownloadDoc. aspx? doc_id=51354797

Analysis of Mandiant Cyber Security Company

Compare Contrst Greek And Roman Women Essays - Ancient Rome

Compare Contrst Greek And Roman Women Essays - Ancient Rome Compare Contrst Greek And Roman Women 21 September 2000 A Comparison Between Greek and Roman Families Through research I have concluded that there are differences and similarities in Greek and Roman families. I hope to prove this fact in the following essay. The Greek family was mostly a nuclear family. It usually consisted of a husband, wife, and their children. The family was considered part of an economic unit. Their primary function in life was to make new citizens. The male of the household was the only person to take part in a social life. Most males thought they owned the polis, the town they lived. They controlled the government and everyone in it. Women were permitted to go to festivals or join religious cults, but they werent permitted to join in political events or be outside the household without an escort. There were exceptions to this if the family was too poor to have slaves to do the shopping. Women were allowed to own small personal items, but not Harper 2 property. Womens main purpose was to keep up the household and to have children. Women received no formal education but they may have a tutor when they were young. They were taught how to do the work expected of them when they were young. Women were also permitted to attend festivals of some kind or a funeral. They were also expected to make all the clothes, blankets and other cloth items. Women were usually married between the ages of 14 and 15. Womens lives were greatly eased if the family had slaves. Then the womens main duties were to watch the slaves to make sure they did the housework. The slaves jobs would include making clothes, farming, shopping and any other task that was needed that day. In Greek life there was a strong presentence of homosexuality. This relationship was usually between a young male and an older man. The older male supposedly taught the younger male about the Greek way of life. It is suggested that a common man did not practice in homosexuality. (Spielvogel, Jackson. 1999 pp.63-64) The Roman families had some similarities and some differences from the Greeks. The dominant male of the family was the paterfamilias he headed the Roman family and kept legal control of his wife and daughter. Unlike the Greeks this household included the paterfamilias, his wife, his sons, his sons wifes, and their children and slaves. The paterfamilias made sure that the religious ceremonies were followed correctly Harper 3 and he ruled over the family. If the paterfamilias died then the oldest male of the family took over. Then he was the legal guardian of the females. As in the Greek world men thought women were weak and should stay in the household, although some women were starting to become successful poets and artists. All fathers arranged their daughters weddings. When married a womens legal control went from her father to her husband. Women had to have legal control by a male until the first century. Then they were married with their fathers legal control. When most women were married the fathers were dead so the women obtained her personal legal control. They could decide what to do and they may own property to make this possible. This allowed for divorces to take place, but they werent introduced until the third century. Women were legally allowed to be married at age 12, but doctors documented that they advised against this act. Just like the Greek world most women were married between the ages of 14 and 15. Most upper class families provided formal education for their daughters rather than as seen in the Greek life. Some of the upper class families bought tutors for their daughters. Women in upper class families had much more freedom and control than others. They were usually not allowed to enter a post school career. (Spielvogel. Jackson 1999 pp. 96-98) Harper 4 In review, there are a few similarities between the Greek and Roman culture some are obvious and some deserve closer examination. 21 September 2000 A Comparison Between Greek and Roman Families Through research I have concluded that there are differences and similarities in Greek and Roman families. I hope to prove this fact

'The analytical study of communication and media is central to Essay

'The analytical study of communication and media is central to understanding the ways we live now'. Discuss - Essay Example Hence, the essence is communication and its expression is through different media including language. The scope of variety in media is reflected in the statement, â€Å"In asking what computers can do, we are drawn into asking what people do with them, and in the end into addressing the fundamental question of what it means to be human† (Winograd and Flores 1986, p.7). Here, the medium referred to is computers. Keeping in view this diversity in media forms and the different ways of communication that is made through them, this essay is an attempt to understand, how and why communication and media is central to understanding the ways we live now. Now we have two types of media; one is the media that helps communication among two individuals, or within a small group which is called local media and the second is mass media or global media (Machin and Leeuwen, 2007, p.7-10). While media like a low range microphone or a telephone are considered as included in the first category, me dia like, newspapers, magazines, film, radio etc. are considered as mass media because they can at a time reach out to ‘n’ number of people (Machin and Leeuwen, 2007, p.7-10). ... example, Hall (19 June 1992, p.8) has drawn attention to the creation of new ‘cultures of hybridity†, brought about by the interaction of local media with the global (mass) media. Here, the reference is to a new kind of culture that is emerging out of the interactions with local and global media. It has to be remembered that before mass media emerged, â€Å"public life was linked to a common locale; an event became public when a plurality of people physically congregated to hear and see the communication of a message, whether a band of traveling minstrels or an execution in the town square† (Craig, 2004, p.6). In this way, media created a new kind of public life and also helped us to understand it as well. In the context of a medium like television, when viewed in a house hold, it has been observed that, â€Å"the spatial separation of producer from consumer, combined with the temporal simultaneity and continuity of transmission and reception, have given rise to a n ‘aesthetic’ and a communicative style† (Moores, 2000, p.13). It is through this complex prism of space and time, that we now view life. Another interesting aspect has been that the media has made it possible for us to see ourselves very closely and from new different angles. This is why we say that now our life is â€Å"mediated† (Craig, 2004, p.4). Especially, media and the communication through them have been viewed as â€Å"the sites where the meanings of public life are generated, debated and evaluated† (Craig, 2004, p.4). Media and communication have been crucial in developing our outlook of a global society, in expanding our vision of the world, bringing news from all around the world to us within no time, media and communication have made us aware what we are, by helping our knowledge to